Press J to jump to the feed. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. How do you study history? The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. [18] From Cameroon, agricultural Proto-Bantu peoples began to migrate, and amid migration, diverged into East Bantu peoples (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo) and West Bantu peoples (e.g. The Bantu Expansion, the foremost linguistic, cultural, and demographic event in Late Holocene Africa, has sparked a fervent interdisciplinary debate, especially regarding its driving forces. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. However, beneath the sea lies evidence of a lost world a mass of land that []. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. Feature Flags: { 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. The southward Bantu occupation of sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara), started some 2,000 years ago, with the introduction of crop farming and iron age technology from Nubia which made expansion, weaponry, conquest and supremacy possible. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. Has data issue: true The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. The discussion concludes that the Bantu phenomenon is best understood as a colonisation, migration, expansion, dispersal, or diffusion. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. For example, one study found this to be the case in Bantu language speakers who are African Pygmies or are in Mozambique,[27] while another population genetic study found this to be the case in the Bantu language-speaking Lemba of Southern Africa. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. Oliver and Mathew, op. Summary. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. 10010, with the primary authorities cited on p. 176. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. The genetic legacy of western Bantu migrations - PubMed affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . Postulated millennia-long series of migrations. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. There are no reliable figures, but the combined death toll of the Mfecane is estimated to be upwards of 2 million. These include sultanates based at Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, Pate and Malindi. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. Their descendants have largely mixed with other peoples and adopted other languages. The Atlantic-Congo family comprises a huge group of languages spread throughout Western, Central and Southern Africa. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. That's a bold claim. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. Bantu Expansion - African Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. Over the next 500 years, Bantu-speakers moved eight times the previous distance (an average of 4000km). The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region. The Bantu Expansion was probably the biggest example of genocide 4in human history. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. 24 Theal, G. M., Records of South-East Africa (Capetown, 18981903), vols. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. Any proof of their numbers? Was it all kumbaya and holding hands? The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. The Bantu languages constitute by far Africa's largest language family. Millions? . Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. Was the Bantu expansion or migration a genocide? - Quora In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Render date: 2023-03-04T14:32:22.407Z The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. 2002). As for (2), the chapter argues that the earliest Bantu speakers had their own archeologically visible culture, but they were not farmers. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. It's not white supremacist to study history. The Aka or Bayaka Pygmies still speak their own language, unlike the more famous Mbuti Pygmies, who have fully adopted the languages of their Bantu overlords. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. Also known as the Bantu conquest of Africa - 2,000 Years of Bantu supremacy, racism, conquest, genocide, rape, war, cannibalism and colonisation. ), A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History, Studies in African Linguistic Classification, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages. When they reached the Zulu shield-wall, they were so tightly bunched they could scarcely fight. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. 10 of the Most Heinous and Heartbreaking Genocides in History In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. To elucidate the still poorly characterized western Bantu expansion, we analyzed Y-chromosome (25 biallelic polymorphisms and 15 microsatellite markers) and mtDNA (hypervariable control regions I and II and selected coding region RFLPs) variation in a population of 110 individuals from southwest Africa, and compared it with a database of 2,708 [16] The majority of the groups of the Bamenda highlands (occupied for 2 millennia to date), somewhat south and contiguous with the Mambilla region, have an ancient history of descent from the north in the direction of the Mambilla region. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. But the Zulu race itself was not innocent of genocide. You do not currently have access to this chapter. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1966. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. Others reached South Africa by 500CE and mixed with the native Khoisan-speaking people, contributing to the countrys vast diversity today. You do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. Of course not. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. There is this historian by the name of Simon Webb and this he said that the Bantu Expansion was a genocide of multiple people in South Africa. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies. They suffered a genocide, at the hands of europeans and bantu peoples. Another stream settled in the central areas of modern Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia, initiating a complete population replacement of the native African Pygmies who previously inhabited the area. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. He introduced concepts of warfare and weaponry revolutionary in his age, and upon the death of Dingiswayo, he assumed the paramountcy of what is today known as Zululand. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. Early critics argued this phenomenon was a result of language spread rather than the migration of Bantu-speaking people, but genetic evidence has proved otherwise. Bantu Expansion | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History The so called Bantu expansion or migration is highly suspect. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. Enter your library card number to sign in. Bantu expansion - Wikipedia Same reason we don't call the Indo European migrations a genocide. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. Bambuti, also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. The Zulu are a military people, forged in a crucible of violence and predatory warfare, and in the early decades of the 19th century, they emerged as a martial society on an almost Spartan scale.
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