Penn explained that the marriage had been one of genuine love and that Henry was shattered by his wifes death. [15], By 1483, Henry's mother was actively promoting him as an alternative to Richard III, despite her being married to Lord Stanley, a Yorkist. He was the last king of England to win . His dynasty was hanging by a thread and all his hopes had to rest on his youngest son, Henry, and Elizabeth of York producing another son, a spare. If you missed the programme then here is the YouTube video for you enjoy! The insurrections fronted by the pretenders Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck emerged from wide and formidable networks of conspiracy that drew in foreign rulers and leading English magnates, and infiltrated Henry's court. What old December's bareness every where! The Field of Cloth of Gold: Royal Revelry. Why did the nobility accept the curtailment of the military power it had wielded in the wars of the roses and swallow the elevation of upstarts at Henry's court? Warbeck was finally captured in 1497 and executed. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. [citation needed], During his lifetime the nobility often criticised Henry VII for re-centralizing power in London, and later the 16th-century historian Francis Bacon was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law, but it is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny;[71] these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do accounts of courtiers and many of the king's own letters. Thomas Penn's Winter King is not really a biography of Henry VII, and more a study of what he was directing his government to do in his name. Effectively an orphan, he had spent wretched years as a fugitive in Brittany. Why is Henry VIII's Tomb So Small When His Life Was So Very Opulent? 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We know that Henry attended the wedding celebrations of Arthur and his bride . The Great Debasement - Wikipedia Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. He created the sovereign coin to spread the message that he was King. Having seen it pop up in a lot of papers' Books of the Year lists, I think I was expecting something altogether more gripping and dramatic, but in the end I thought the story of Henry VII and the Tudor succession was just not an especially thrilling tale. [13] When Warwick restored Henry VI in 1470, Jasper Tudor returned from exile and brought Henry to court. Swynford was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. I picked this audiobook up because it was narrated by Simon Vance. [citation needed], Henry also made some political capital out of his Welsh ancestry in attracting military support and safeguarding his army's passage through Wales on its way to the Battle of Bosworth. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 11 February 1503) was Queen of England from her marriage to King Henry VII on 18 January 1486 until her death. [6] Henry IV's action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it weakened Henry's claim. Detailed Information. The rest, as we say, is history; Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and Henry Tudor had arrived out of nowhere and avenged the death of the little princes in the tower, although there is some debate as to who was actually responsible for their murder. Famed British author Thomas Penn takes an extraordinary journey into the dark and chilling world of the first Tudor King, Henry VII. Omissions? [76] He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reigned 150947), who would initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. Penn ended the programme by visiting the tombs of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York in Henrys chapel at Westminster Abbey, a chapel that remains at the heart of political life. He stabilised the government's finances by introducing several new taxes. [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. But now, sensitivity readers are pushing back . Many influential Yorkists had been dispossessed and disappointed by the change of regime, and there had been so many reversals of fortune within living memory that the decision of Bosworth did not appear necessarily final. The nobility was forced into bonds, legal agreements that they would act as the King wanted or be fined. Bacon wanted the future Charles I to learn from Henry's reign, but the financial methods that would provoke fatal opposition to Charles look pale beside the exactions levied by Henry from often innocent subjects, who were denied legal process or threatened with trumped-up prosecutions and had to buy their freedom (though at moments of apparently impending death the king would repent of his methods and have the jails cleared and pardons issued). [39] Despite this, during his reign he became a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt exchequer. In 1502 the death of his heir Arthur left the dynasty's prospects with Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. France, Burgundy, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Hanseatic League all rejected the treaty, which was never in force. Happy 14th Birthday to the Anne Boleyn Files! [citation needed], Henry honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York and the wedding took place in 1486 at Westminster Abbey. [a] Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. Backdating Henry's Reign. In the late 20th century a model of European state formation was prominent in which Henry less resembles Louis and Ferdinand. [19] He marched toward England accompanied by his uncle Jasper and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. Penn graphically describes a huge financial racket run by the king and his profiteering advisers. Henry VII was born on 28 January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, in the English-speaking portion of Pembrokeshire known as Little England beyond Wales. It was really very well researched and painstakingly written. Poor Henry VII. Sonnet XCVII - Massachusetts Institute of Technology Stanley placed Richards circlet on Henrys head, he was now King. However, this treaty came at a price, as Henry mounted a minor invasion of Brittany in November 1492. They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a smaller tax bill for law enforcement. [65] Henry VII was shattered by the loss of Elizabeth, and her death impacted him severely. ||sitemap_index.xml [citation needed] Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII created a Council of Wales and the Marches for his son Arthur, which was intended to govern Wales and the Marches, Cheshire and Cornwall. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. However, such a level of paranoia persisted that anyone (John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, for example)[27] with blood ties to the Plantagenets was suspected of coveting the throne. He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), Queen Joanna of Castile, and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered. Henry VII - History Learning Site The money so extracted added to the King's personal fortune rather than being used for the stated purpose. (We certainly can, and do, decide what sort of king Henry was based on what he had his government get up to, however.). The new prince was the embodiment of the red and white rose, he was the Tudor rose incarnate. She was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (fourth son of Edward III), and his third wife Katherine Swynford. Its restoration by the Magnus Intercursus was very much to England's benefit in removing taxation for English merchants and significantly increasing England's wealth. Henry himself was clearly a distant figure who governed through his ministers, but this means that it's quite hard to get much of a sense of his character from the few sources available. His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the Low Countries had long-lasting benefit to the English economy. I'm beginning to wonder if all of the kings beginning with the conquest weren't a little off their rocker in some way. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? - AnswersAll Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. During Henry's early years, his uncle Henry VI was fighting against Edward IV, a member of the Yorkist Plantagenet branch. This definitely was not that. Henry VII declared himself king by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, after slaying Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. For Henry VII, it was all about the money and stability. Royal Collection Trust At the summit, even dinnerware testified to its owner's status. Henry VII (28 January 1457 - 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. The 6 Main Achievements of Henry VII | History Hit He married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. His bouts of grave illness brought the question repeatedly to the fore. Penn is not one to understate a case. Categories: Monarchy, NewsTags: birth of Tudor dynasty, Henry Tudor, Henry VII, Thomas Penn, Tudor dynasty, Winter King, Copyright 2023 The Anne Boleyn Files [50] Henry had pressured the French by laying siege to Boulogne in October 1492. The devastated King became so ill that he was close to death, but then he recovered and Penn explains that when he took control once more, he was remorseless. Several of Richard's key allies, such as Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, and also Lord Stanley and his brother William, crucially switched sides or left the battlefield. [citation needed], However, his principal weapon was the Court of Star Chamber. There he found more English fugitives, willing to invade England in support of Henry, and bearing news that Richard III had serious plans to marry the princess Elizabeth himself. Alison Weir points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England in 1496. Stephens, "affords some illustrations of the avaricious and parsimonious character of the king". [67], Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard III as a usurper. Henry VII was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death. Loyalty was ensured, and the nobility was effectively neuteredand Henry became the richest monarch in Europe. 4. I was disappointed by this it was decent but I think it was somewhat overhyped. Stanleys betrayal led to a complete security overhaul and his privy chamber going into lockdown. He likens the beginning of Henry VIII's reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. The marriage between Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Catherine of Aragon would be the culmination of everything that Henry VII had fought for at the Battle of Bosworth, so in 1501 there was a fortnight of marriage celebrations and London was in a carnival mood. On one side of the coin, instead of a profile of his face, there was a full length depiction of Henry sat on his throne with his crown and sceptre. Henry the eighth was a renaissance King. He spent his entire reign fixated on eliminating or disarming his enemies, and stabilizing England after the bloody, seemingly endless War of the Roses. The Great Debasement (1544-1551) was a currency debasement policy introduced in 1544 England under the order of Henry VIII which saw the amount of precious metal in gold and silver coins reduced and in some cases replaced entirely with cheaper base metals such as copper. He was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. When they married in 1396 they already had four children, including Henry's great-grandfather John Beaufort. Some of it is due to his personality--he played his cards close to the vest, unlike his son--and some of it is due to Tudor spin--they were, after all trying to bolster up the royal credentials for a man who didn't have that many. [46] In 1506 he resumed the construction of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, started under Henry VI, guaranteeing finances which would continue even after his death. 8 Things You May Not Know About Henry VIII - HISTORY [38], Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament". Henry was building a myth, the idea that he and his family were the true royal blood of England. Thomas More hailed the end of "slavery" and the return of "liberty", "the end of sadness, the beginning of joy". ||Wordpress installation and design by http://www.MadeGlobal.com, FREE Anne Boleyn Celebrating the release of The Colour of Bone A London Charnel House. Henry VIII Books livestream YouTube 18 February 2023, February 13 A queen and her lady-in-waiting are beheaded. Henry VII died on 21 April 1509, and the 17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king. Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . All the powers of Europe doubted Henrys ability to survive, and most were willing to shelter claimants against him. Henry VII | Biography & Facts | Britannica Elizabeth of York was Queen consort of England as spouse of King Henry VII from 1486 until her death on February 11th, 1503. By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. They were appointed for every shire and served for a year at a time. He is credited with many administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives. What did the people of England think of Henry VIII? - eNotes.com Together, they had seven children. Penn then went on to talk about the heir to the throne, the young Prince Henry, who seemed very different to the King. His claim to the throne was tenuous and permanently contested. [48], Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. The King, normally a reserved man who rarely showed much emotion in public unless angry, surprised his courtiers by his intense grief and sobbing at his son's death, while his concern for the Queen is evidence that the marriage was a happy one, as is his reaction to Queen Elizabeth's death the following year, when he shut himself away for several days, refusing to speak to anyone. [30] Before departing for London, Henry sent Robert Willoughby to Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, to arrest Warwick and take him to the Tower of London. Henry VII. The Winter King HD - YouTube Yet in the hands of a narrator as accomplished as Penn, the reign acquires its own, troubling fascination. Henry Tudor, named after his father, Henry VII, was born by Elizabeth of York June 28, 1491 in Greenwich Palace. In 1622 Francis Bacon published his History of the Reign of King Henry VII. He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of "retainers" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army. But that's not really what I wanted from a book about Henry VII. He spent most of the next 14 years under the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. When he died, his only surviving son, Henry VIII, succeeded him without a breath of opposition. I couldn't even stay awake reading this. Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty . However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. Inadvertently, he provoked a revolution. He had, Bacon added, much to be suspicious about, "his times" being "full of secret conspiracies and troubles". King Henry the VII and King Henry the VIII both feared being invaded by foreign countries. Anyone perceived to have any potential political power or social capital was rendered deeply indebted to the crown and at risk of complete financial ruin upon the whim of the king and his councillors. The portly Henry VIII, and the ill-fated destinies of most of his six wives, is one of the first historical figures primary-aged pupils are aware of.. Moneywise, King Henry the VII was frugal and careful with money. Anne Boleyn | Biography, Children, Portrait, Death, & Facts - Britannica [37], For most of Henry VII's reign Edward Story was Bishop of Chichester. [16] With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. It was no easy feat. This was excellent. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. His host was Francis, the Duke of Brittany, who saw Henry Tudor as a pawn in the game between Edward VI and the King of France. The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor. Henry spared Richard's nephew and designated heir, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, and made the Yorkist heiress Margaret Plantagenet Countess of Salisbury suo jure. Since he was the second son, and not expected to become king, we know little of his childhood until the death of his older brother Arthur, Prince of Wales. Claiming the throne by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, he was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. I had an idea Henry VII was a force for stability; in fact he was a terrifying kleptocrat, abusing the law with arbitrary fines and imprisonment, scheming to effectively steal entire estates and wring every penny out of subjects as well as impose political control through financial means. [79], Amiable and high-spirited, Henry was friendly if dignified in manner, and it was clear that he was extremely intelligent. The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of. His younger brother, Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke, undertook to protect Edmund's widow Margaret, who was 13 years old when she gave birth to Henry. [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. However, with the help of the forces of his step-father, Lord Stanley, he defeated Richard and Richard was killed on the battlefield. 1509. enry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. He spent money lavishly, held big parties. Through luck, guile and ruthlessness, Henry VII, the first of the Tudor kings, had clambered to the top of the heap--a fugitive with a flimsy claim to England's throne. While there, he feigned stomach cramps and delayed his departure long enough to miss the tides. Well written and really interesting about an often ignored king. Scapegoats were needed for Henry VIIs reign, people to blame for the old regime, so Edmund Dudley was imprisoned and executed on trumped up charges. Henry was a remarkable man. Luther gained support for his ideas and Europe became . The baby died and Elizabeth, herself, died on 11th February 1503, her 37th birthday. Sometimes when reading nonfiction of this type, I never know if it is going to be dry and dull or not. Wow, it was like being battered by facts without remission for good intentions. Henry VII, grown rich from Morton's Fork and other squeezes, was far from a bumpkin trying to break into the royal circles of western Europe--he was being courted, and he knew very well to play Castile (Hapsburg) and Aragon off against one another after Isabella died (and Catherine might very well have been packed off home to marry someone else, it was common). [citation needed] Henry also formed an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (14931519) and persuaded Pope Innocent VIII to issue a papal bull of excommunication against all pretenders to Henry's throne. Life at court was merry under Henry 8th, a fresh new beginning likened to springtime. this was well-written and i love henry vii for how he managed to a) get the throne of england and b) keep it and make the crown so solvent after the devastating years of the Wars of the Roses, but i can't help but think that a lot of this was rather dry. Henry Tudor is a familiar name to students of English history, especially the military side of it. Sometimes, Penn explained, charges against people were fabricated so that they would have to pay a fine, for example, a man who was charged with murdering a child and who was found guilty because the jury was rigged. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. [12], Henry lived in the Herbert household until 1469, when Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (the "Kingmaker"), went over to the Lancastrians. As we know, Henry VII was true to his word, married Elizabeth and they founded the Tudor dynasty between them. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. Seriously, got nudged by my partner when I'd nodded off. Reading this, I got a much better understanding of where Henry VIII came from, and why he was destined to be the colorful ruler he became, as an antidote to his own father. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? There's a lot of cloak-and-dagger stuff here, something Henry and certain of his counselors seemed especially skilled at, and it was those parts that I particularly enjoyed. Having secured financial backing from Florentine bankers in London, Cabot was granted carefully phrased letters patent from Henry in March 1496, permitting him to embark on an exploratory voyage westerly. Henry was also worried by the treason of Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, the eldest surviving son of Edward IVs sister Elizabeth, who fled to the Netherlands (1499) and was supported by Maximilian. Thus, Henry Tudor had no choice but to gather together an army including mercenary soldiers as well as his own supporters, and he landed in Wales in August, 1485.
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