political organisation of the acholi

political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. majority peasant population. Social Organization. The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. Like Tattered Grass Beneath Warring Elephants: The Destruction of the (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of Encyclopedia.com. For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. Acholi | Encyclopedia.com London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). . The Acholi of Uganda. The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Anywa Adhola The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. - CORE The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. With the coming of the ivory identity is rather disputed. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. 53- ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. against the central government. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. M.A. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. Congo. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. 30. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. The Lwoo. million first language speakers at the time. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. Political Organization. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. (1991). Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Political Organization. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. PDF University of Bradford eThesis Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. (1972). (1988). All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. The insurgency's military. Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. . Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. This cookie is set by Youtube. connected and intertwined chiefdoms. Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been When conflict did [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. interpolity interactions at the county level. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit The main point of contact Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. Marriage. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. 3 vols. Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into The Acholi region and language 51. Acholi people - Wikipedia Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). Trade. Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. The term is derived from "Shuuli," first used by nineteenth-century ivory and slave traders who noted the similarity of Acholi Luo to the language of the previously encountered Shilluk or "Collo" of the southern Sudan (Crazzolara 1938, vii-viii). Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. London: James Currey. [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! 23 Feb. 2023 . Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. The n, Mende This has continued in various guises ever since. Luo peoples - Wikipedia With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the This included both agricultural and hunting land. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Social Control. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . Socialization. The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda - JSTOR From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Political Organization. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. NRA in 1986. From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Orientation for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. It is Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. ." (UNHCR, 2012). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. . alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. //social organization of acholi - Brainly.com Acholi form organisation - New Vision Official Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. into the independence era. The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa ACHOLI PEOPLE: THE FAMOUS EAST AFRICAN SPIRITUALLY AND - Blogger collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 In . It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. population. Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. It does not store any personal data. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." The Acholi region and language 51 - The history and politics of )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. Orientation [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. [CDATA[ Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". Encyclopedia of World Cultures. InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. thesis, University of Nairobi. latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning.

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