Main outcomes and measures: Diagnosis and Management of Myocarditis in Children: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. The scientists are monitoring the health of a diverse group of people to learn about the long-term effects of COVID, including heart problems. The median interval from vaccination to symptom onset was 2 days (range=040 days); 92% of patients experienced onset of symptoms within 7 days of vaccination. Patients can usually return to their normal daily activities after their symptoms improve. Even though the studies were among the largest vaccine trials in history, they were not large enough to detect very rare complications like myocarditis that occur only a few times per million vaccinations. An analysis of almost 400 patients with myocarditis linked with COVID-19 illness found that about 15% died within 6 months.9. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Creech reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health for the Moderna and Janssen clinical trials and receiving personal fees from Astellas and Horizon. Myocarditis Cases After mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination in the US. Viral infections, including COVID-19, are most often the cause,2 but other diseases, as well as some drugs and toxins, can also cause myocarditis. Continued use of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in all recommended age groups will prevent morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 that far exceed the number of cases of myocarditis expected. % Most of the suspected myocarditis cases in that study developed after the second dose and were among males between 12 and 39 years old. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Healthcare Providers: For additional recommendations and clinical guidance, visit Clinical Considerations: Myocarditis after mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines. Su, J. R., McNeil, M. M., Welsh, K. J., Marquez, P. L., Ng, C., Yan, M., & Cano, M. V. (2021). FOIA The analysis assumed 95% vaccine effectiveness of 2 doses of a mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in preventing COVID-19 cases and hospitalization and assessed outcomes for a 120-day period. Julia W. Gargano, PhD1,*; Megan Wallace, DrPH1,*; Stephen C. Hadler, MD1; Gayle Langley, MD1; John R. Su, MD, PhD1; Matthew E. Oster, MD1; Karen R. Broder, MD1; Julianne Gee, MPH1; Eric Weintraub, MPH1; Tom Shimabukuro, MD1; Heather M. Scobie, PhD1; Danielle Moulia, MPH1; Lauri E. Markowitz, MD1; Melinda Wharton, MD1; Veronica V. McNally, JD2; Jos R. Romero, MD3; H. Keipp Talbot, MD4; Grace M. Lee, MD5; Matthew F. Daley, MD6; Sara E. Oliver, MD1 (View author affiliations). 2023 Feb 5;11(2):362. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020362. Americans received more than 590 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines between December 2020 and June 2022.1 The most intensive safety monitoring system in U.S. history has made it possible to detect even very rare COVID-19 vaccine side effects, including myocarditis, which is inflammation of the heart muscle. Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Myocarditis and Viral Myocarditis Pathology. Regarding health equity considerations, racial and ethnic minority groups have higher rates of COVID-19 and severe disease*****; potential changes in vaccine policy, or anything that would affect vaccination coverage for adolescents or young adults, might disproportionately affect those groups with the highest rates of poor COVID-19 outcomes. Chavda VP, Bezbaruah R, Valu D, Patel B, Kumar A, Prasad S, Kakoti BB, Kaushik A, Jesawadawala M. Vaccines (Basel). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Chou, O., Zhou, J., Lee, T., Kot, T., Lee, S., Wai, A., Wong, W. T., Zhang, Q., Cheng, S. H., Liu, T., Vassiliou, V. S., Cheung, B., & Tse, G. (2022). But the risk of myocarditis associated with the vaccine was lower than the risk associated with COVID-19 infection before or after vaccination - with one exception. Since April, more than 1,000 cases of inflammation of the . A histopathologic definition and classification. Among persons with reported myocarditis after mRNA vaccination, the median age was 26 years (range=1294 years), with median symptom onset interval of 3 days after vaccination (range=0179). Among men ages 18 to 29 who received the Moderna vaccine, the rate was 22.9 per 100,000 doses. Accessed June 29, 2022, from. endobj For persons younger than 30 years of age, medical record reviews and clinician interviews were conducted to describe clinical presentation, diagnostic test results, treatment, and early outcomes. Based on passive surveillance reporting in the US, the risk of myocarditis after receiving mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines was increased across multiple age and sex strata and was highest after the second vaccination dose in adolescent males and young men. *** Data collection for race/ethnicity of myocarditis cases is ongoing. of pages found at these sites. I doubt we'll ever know. Myocarditis is rare, but it occurs more often following SARS-CoV-2 infection than after receiving an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine for people of all ages.10, We know that boys and men between the ages of 16 and 29 have a higher risk of COVID-19vaccine-related myocarditis. The risk of myocarditis linked with COVID-19 illness is several times greater than the risk from vaccination, and it is often more serious.3,5,8 This is because the SARS-CoV-2 virus invades cells of the heart, plus the body generates an overactive immune response to the infection. Learn more about, Feelings of having a fast-beating, fluttering, or pounding heart. Incidence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children among US persons infected with SARS-CoV-2. endobj COVID-19 vaccines lower the risk of life-threatening heart problems and other serious health issues. Chary M, Barbuto AF, Izadmehr S, Tarsillo M, Fleischer E, Burns MM. Bookshelf Myocarditis rates were highest after the second vaccination dose in young males between 12 and 15 years of age (70.7 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine), in adolescent males age 16 to 17 years (105.9 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine), and in young men age 18 to 24 years (52.4 and 56.3 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine . As of June 11, 2021, approximately 296 million doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines had been administered in the United States, with 52 million administered to persons aged 1229 years; of these, 30 million were first and 22 million were second doses. If you have already gotten the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine, or if your child has already gotten the first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, its important to get the second dose unless a vaccination provider or your doctor tells you not to get it. Most of the cases have been reported after receiving a Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna . <>/Metadata 2557 0 R/ViewerPreferences 2558 0 R>> If you have any health problems after vaccination, report them to theVaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Six awards are related to COVID-19related myocarditis. According to the TGA, the current overall estimated rates for the entire population of myocarditis for Pfizer and Moderna are similar - 1.4 cases per 100,000 Pfizer doses versus 1.8 cases per 100,000 Moderna doses. On 9 July 2021, the COVID-19 subcommittee of the WHO Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) issued a statement regarding reports of myocarditis and pericarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (1). Evidence suggests that AstraZeneca and Novavax are probably associated with a small increased risk of myocarditis and pericarditis. Heart 2013;99:16814. The clinical presentation and severity of myocarditis vary among patients. the date of publication. Myocarditis rates from Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD), based on electronic health records, were also evaluated. Potential cases of postvaccine myocarditis were identified based on reports . More information is available, Recommendations for Fully Vaccinated People, Investigating Long-Term Effects of Myocarditis | CDC, Clinical Considerations: Myocarditis after mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Possibility of COVID-19 Illness after Vaccination, Investigating Long-Term Effects of Myocarditis, How and Why CDC Measures Vaccine Effectiveness, Monitoring COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths by Vaccination Status, Monitoring COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, In both cases, the bodys immune system causes inflammation in response to an infection or some other trigger. ACIP also reviewed population-level considerations regarding vaccination. Reporting rates of myocarditis > background rates for males (12-49 years, depending upon dose and manufacturer) and females (after dose 2, 12-29 . No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed. In the past few weeks, anti-vaxxers have rallied behind a nonpeer-reviewed study by a group of Canadian researchers as evidence against COVID-19 vaccines. The vaccine product-specific EUA fact sheet should be provided to all vaccine recipients and their caregivers before vaccination with any authorized COVID-19 vaccine. That means the vaccines protect heart health. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. While the researchers did observe a higher risk among people that got the Moderna shot, it was still a relatively small risk. Exposures: * This analysis evaluated direct benefits and harms, per million second doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine given in each age group, over 120 days. When reported, the cases have especially been in adolescents and young adult males within several days after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna). Block, J. P., Boehmer, T. K., Forrest, C. B., Carton, T. W., Lee, G. M., Ajani, U. Id really like everyone to understand that the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccines strongly outweigh the very small risk of serious side effects. In a comprehensive analysis of 1,626 myocarditis cases in the U.S. VAERS, Oster, et al., concluded the highest rates of VAM are concentrated in young males, as follows: 6 70.6 per million in males 12-15 years 105.9 per million in males 16-17 years 52.4 per million for Pfizer-BioNTech and 56.3 million for Moderna per million in males 18-24 years. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Among all participants aged 16 to 24, myocarditis rates were 18.8 and 4.4 per 100,000 person-years for males and females, respectively. Law, Y. M., Lal, A. K., Chen, S., ihkov, D., Cooper, L. T., Jr, Deshpande, S., Godown, J., Grosse-Wortmann, L., Robinson, J. D., Towbin, J. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. mmwrq@cdc.gov. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. A small number of myocarditis and pericarditis cases have been reported for booster doses. https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/COVIDNet/COVID19_3.html. The researchers noted 9.7 myocarditis cases per 100,000 person-years for unvaccinated males and 4.3 per 100,000 for females. Impact of COVID-19 on Cardiovascular Disease. B, For the mRNA-1273 vaccine, there were 116 reported cases of myocarditis with known date for symptom onset and dose after 78158611 first vaccination doses and 311 reported cases after 66163001 second vaccination doses. It is unclear how many of these cases are a direct consequence of the vaccine versus coincidental. Again, females had lower rates for both the first . Data were used for the most recent week not subject to reporting delays prior to the ACIP meeting. Cooper LT Jr. Myocarditis. This outside group of experts, many of them physicians at academic medical centers, advises the CDC, but doesn't represent the agency itself.The CDC has not said if the number of cases of the . In December 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 (BNT162b2) vaccine and the Moderna COVID-19 (mRNA-1273) vaccine, and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) issued interim recommendations for their use in persons aged 16 years and 18 years, respectively. In May 2021, FDA expanded the EUA for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine to include adolescents aged 1215 years; ACIP recommends that all persons aged 12 years receive a COVID-19 vaccine. We take your privacy seriously. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Results: The rates of myocarditis were highest after the second vaccination dose in adolescent males aged 12 to 15 years (70.7 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine), in adolescent males aged 16 to 17 years (105.9 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine), and in young men aged 18 to 24 years (52.4 and 56.3 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine and the mRNA-1273 vaccine, respectively). An official website of the United States government. Ho, J. S., Sia, C.-H., Chan, M. Y., Lin, W., & Wong, R. C. (2020). In addition, CDC has updated patient education and communication materials reflecting this information for the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna****** COVID-19 vaccines; these are important to ensure that vaccine recipients, especially males aged 1229 years, are aware of increased risk for myocarditis and to seek care if they develop symptoms of myocarditis. 76% were classified as mild and 22% intermediate. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Corresponding author: Sara E. Oliver, yxo4@cdc.gov. You can review and change the way we collect information below. The rates of myocarditis cases were highest after the second vaccination dose in adolescent males aged 12 to 15 years (70.7 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine), in adolescent males aged 16 to 17 years (105.9 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine), and in young men aged 18 to 24 years (52.4 and 56.3 per million doses of the BNT162b2 . Dr Schlaudecker reported receiving grants from Pfizer and receiving personal fees from Sanofi Pasteur. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Among teenaged boys the group with the highest risk of myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination the risk is between 2 and 5 times higher after SARS-CoV-2 infection than after vaccination.10, A study of children ages 12 to 17 in England estimated that COVID-19 vaccination prevented 4,500 hospitalizations, 300 ICU hospital stays, and 36 deaths during the summer of 2021 when infection rates were high.11, Children with myocarditis linked with vaccination are less likely to be hospitalized, admitted to the ICU, or need ventilator support, compared with children who had myocarditis after a COVID-19 diagnosis. Unfortunately, inflammation in the heart muscle can lead to serious complications, including heart failure, shock, or death. Severe problems linked with myocarditis include chest pain, arrhythmias, trouble breathing, ankle or leg swelling, and fainting. 2023 Feb 13;11(2):432. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020432. The benefit-risk analysis can be updated as needed to reflect changes in the COVID-19 pandemic and additional information on the risk for and outcomes of myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination. Acute clinical courses were generally mild; among 304 hospitalized patients with known clinical outcomes, 95% had been discharged at time of review, and none had died. The most common symptoms are chest pain, fever, fatigue, shortness of breath, and a rapid or irregular pulse. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. 2022 May 24;327(20):2019-2020. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.5131. Cardiac Complications After SARS-CoV-2 Infection and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination PCORnet, United States, January 2021-January 2022. Expected rates of myocarditis by age and sex were calculated using 2017-2019 claims data. Vaccination with mRNA-1273 (Moderna) was associated with a significantly increased rate of myocarditis or myopericarditis, especially among individuals aged 12-39 years (adjusted hazard ratio 5.24 (95% confidence interval 2.47 to 11.12); absolute rate 5.7 (3.3 to 9.3) per 100 000 individuals aged 12-39 years within 28 days of vaccination) Even in this group, though, heart inflammation is seven or eight times more common after SARS-CoV-2 infection.10 And the data suggest that young adults with myocarditis possibly linked with COVID-19 vaccines recover quickly with supportive care.11. JAMA Netw Open. Drs Barnett, Ruberg, and Smith reported receiving grants from Pfizer. 23) cases per 100 000 person-days for the Pfizer-BioNTech Preliminary evidence on long COVID in children. They also recover normal heart function sooner.12. Only about 1 out of 100 cases of heart inflammation linked with COVID-19 vaccines is life-threatening.5 An analysis of 627 cases of vaccine-linked myocarditis worldwide showed that 626 fully recovered and one fatality.7. Getting vaccinated to prevent severe COVID-19 cuts your risk of myocarditis. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. The 120-day period was selected because 1) no alternative vaccine options currently exist for persons aged <18 years or are expected to be available during this period, and 2) inputs regarding community transmission have high uncertainty beyond this period, particularly in the context of circulating variants.. In terms of. Within the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) (4), the national vaccine safety passive monitoring system, 1,226 reports of myocarditis after mRNA vaccination were received during December 29, 2020June 11, 2021. Myocarditis usually goes away on its own with supportive care, including IV fluids, steroid therapy, and medicines to treat disorders of heart rhythm or pumping function. Cordero, A., Cazorla, D., Escribano, D., Quintanilla, M. A., Lpez-Ayala, J. M., Berbel, P. P., & Bertomeu-Gonzlez, V. (2022). Association Between Myocarditis and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients in a Large Registry. The benefits (prevention of COVID-19 disease and associated hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths) outweighed the risks (expected myocarditis cases after vaccination) in all populations for which vaccination has been recommended. Abbreviations: ICU=intensive care unit; VAERS = Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. In addition, CDC has developed a voluntary smartphone-based online tool (v-safe) that uses text messaging and online surveys to provide near real-time health check-ins after receipt of a COVID-19 vaccine. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Pediatrics 2011;127(Suppl 1):S4553. ". The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Key factors to consider are the current rates of COVID-19 infection, the childs overall health, and the parents assessment of risks. According to the CDC, as of June 23, 2021, more than 177 million people had received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine in the U.S. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Heart inflammation, or myocarditis, has been reported as a very rare side effect of COVID-19 vaccines. **** The risks were assessed as the number of myocarditis patients reported to VAERS that occurred within 7 days of receipt of a second dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine per million second doses administered through the week of June 11, 2021. The benefit-risk assessment was stratified by age group and sex. In cases of v-safe reports that include possible medically attended health events, CDCs v-safe call center follows up with the vaccine recipient to collect additional information for completion of a VAERS report. Baseline incidence rates (IRs), and vaccine- and dose-specific IRs and rate differences were calculated from the cohort The SCRI calculated calendar time-adjusted IR ratios (IRR), using a 60-day pre-vaccination control period and dose-specific . To describe reports of myocarditis and the reporting rates after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination in the US. Currently, about 1,000 cases of myocarditis and pericarditis have been reported after vaccination against COVID-19 with one of the mRNA vaccines, Pfizer/BioNTech or Moderna. Of those with myocarditis, the median age was 21 years (IQR, 16-31 years) and the median time to symptom onset was 2 days (IQR, 1-3 days). In a population-based cohort study of adolescents and adults in Denmark who received two doses of the same mRNA vaccine against COVID, the risk of myocarditis or myopericarditis within 28 days. "In general, the rate of myocarditis or myopericarditis was about threefold to fourfold higher for mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccination than that for BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccination," the study said. Its also possible that myocarditis linked with vaccination is less serious because of the younger average age and healthier status of people getting vaccinated. Reports of myocarditis to VAERS were adjudicated and summarized for all age groups. From an analysis done on just 26 medical chart-confirmed cases of myocarditis in people ages 12 to 39, the CDC scientists estimated a rate of 12.6 cases per million second doses. View Large Download. ** https://www.cdc.gov/mis/hcp/index.html, https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000239?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed#d3e785external icon. Vaccination prevents most hospitalizations and deaths due to COVID-19. It is estimated there are around 2 more cases per 100,000 second vaccine doses in people under 40 who received Moderna original formulation than Pfizer original formulation. Mary Chamberland, Thomas Clark, Amanda Cohn, Frank DeStefano, Ruth Gallego, Alice Guh, Theresa Harrington, Fiona P. Havers, Lauri Hicks, Amelia Jazwa, Tara Johnson, Brian Kit, Paige Marquez, Sarah Mbaeyi, Elaine Miller, Hannah Rosenblum, Monica Parise, Kadam Patel, Pragati Prasad, David Shay, Jamila Shields, Christopher A. Taylor, Joshua Wong, CDC COVID-19 Response Team; Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Project; Vaccine Safety Datalink; Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration; Voting members of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices: Kevin A. Ault, University of Kansas Medical Center; Lynn Bahta, Minnesota Department of Health; Henry Bernstein, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Cohen Childrens Medical Center; Beth Bell, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Wilbur Chen, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Sharon E. Frey, Saint Louis University Medical School; Camille Kotton, Harvard Medical School; Sarah Long, Drexel University College of Medicine; Katherine A. Poehling, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Pablo J. Snchez, The Research Institute at Nationwide Childrens Hospital. July 5, 2022, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Benefits of COVID-19 vaccines outweigh a very small risk of heart complications, You can learn more about myocarditis symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment from the NHLBI, Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program, Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER), CONNECTS-Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research (CONNECTS-C4R), https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations_vacc-total-admin-rate-total, https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001001, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01630-0, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.08.013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-022-01677-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.046, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.01.037, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-022-02007-0, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.12.006, https://doi.org/10.1177/01410768211052589, https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.05.21264581. Can COVID-19 Vaccines Induce Premature Non-Communicable Diseases: Where Are We Heading to. FDA requires that vaccine providers report to VAERS vaccination administration errors, serious adverse events, cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome, and cases of COVID-19 that result in hospitalization or death after administration of a COVID-19 vaccine under an EUA. Vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna). "If you're focused on heart inflammation, the safer bet is to take the vaccine," said Mendel Singer at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio, who helped carry out the study. This is a recognised risk with the Comirnaty (Pfizer) and Spikevax (Moderna) vaccines and we are closely monitoring these events. According to an analysis presented by a C.D.C. Myocarditis was reported at a higher rate than expected among some people who received the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines, according to a July 2021 study. Diagnostic evaluation might reveal an elevated troponin level or abnormal findings on electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (Table 1). The NHLBI supports and conducts research aimed at understanding risk factors for COVID-19, developing prevention and treatment strategies, and finding ways to hasten and enhance recovery. Higher levels of vaccination coverage can reduce community transmission, which can protect against development and circulation of emerging variants. Myocarditis typically occurs more commonly in males than in females, and incidence is highest among infants, adolescents, and young adults (1,2). ACIP emphasized the importance of informing vaccination providers and the public about the benefits and the risks, including the risk for myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination, particularly for males aged 1229 years. The work group also reviewed a benefit-risk assessment of myocarditis events after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, considering recent epidemiology of COVID-19 and sequelae of COVID-19, including myocarditis and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). MMWR. All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. For the BNT162b2 vaccine, there were 114246837 first vaccination doses and 95532396 second vaccination doses; and for the mRNA-1273 vaccine, there were 78158611 and 66163001, respectively. Epidemiology of Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following mRNA Vaccination by Vaccine Product, Schedule, and Interdose Interval Among Adolescents and Adults in Ontario, Canada. Most patients with myocarditis or pericarditis who received care responded well to medicine and rest and felt better quickly. Were currently supporting two large studies looking at long-term effects of COVID-19, including myocarditis and other heart conditions. Among 1,194 reports for which patient age was known, 687 were among persons aged <30 years and 507 were among persons aged 30 years; of 1,212 with sex reported, 923 were male, and 289 were female. Among 1,094 patients with number of vaccine doses received reported, 76% occurred after receipt of dose 2 of mRNA vaccine; cases were reported after both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. Its clear that vaccination can protect you from myocarditis by protecting you from COVID-19 infection. Jerome Fleg, M.D.
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