It would seem to be a subtle effect, but the sublime is everything when it comes to the dynamics of tornadic supercells. (1/2) A 2nd look at *prelim* DOW data from Mangum, OK tornado reveals a potentially violent tornado: ~80m/s peak winds (~180mph), *Delta-V* of 140 m/s, and a pronounced debris ball. EF4 tornado from a cyclic supercell, part of MNs largest tornado outbreak on record. @NWSAmarillo #phwx pic.twitter.com/PfVTZ335Hr. 1 month ago At least 14 tornadoes rip through the Gulf Coast Homes and businesses were gutted in the Texas suburb of Pasadena after a tornado brought torrential rains and wind. It was really starting to get real. EF2 tornado, the first tornado of the largest October tornado outbreak in Pennsylvania on record. Sign Up EF2 and EF3 wedge tornadoes from the same supercell. Here's a picture from Cassie Colson of hail up to 5.5" inches in diameter, found in Wellington yesterday, after 3:30 pm. The short of it: I hold a Ph.D. in Atmospheric Science from the University of Wisconsin - Madison and have been chasing storms in the plains since 2006. Well have to wait for formal verification, but at first glance it appears the outbreak fell well short of reflecting these odds. Probability of hail 1" or larger within 25 miles of a point. Webuy car or home insurance with the intent of never having to use it. In addition, the May 2019 tornado production was persistent, as 28 of the 31 days in May had at least one tornado reported. A derecho that damaged over 850,000 acres of crops across eastern IA and destroyed over 1,000 homes in Cedar Rapids alone, where a gust of 126 mph was recorded nearby. The tornado outbreak is expected to continue into the overnight period. A few tornadoes (up to EF2, though likely stronger) occurring primarily from the same supercell in rapid succession (with a brief period of two simultaneous tornadoes), part of a local outbreak in and around the Texas panhandle. Photogenic EF2 tornado from a cyclic supercell that produced tornadoes up to EF3. We finally got back on the storm in between East Duke and Mangum, Oklahoma. We ended up being late for an event, but I would do it all over again hoping for the best outcome. Great seeing storms struggle around Oklahoma City today. While the rest of my chase group went to sleep, I stayed up until the new SPC day one outlook. This was the highest probability watch Id ever been in, let alone chased. Infamous long-tracked EF4 tornado that killed 6 people and destroyed an already decaying town. May 24th, 2011 featured an ultra, ultra rare 45% hatched probability for tornadoes that lived up to its potential by producing several long-track, violent tornadoes. All in all, the day underperformed breathtakingly and thats a good thing. A large, powerful low pressure system moved up across . Particularly photogenic supercell that produced an anticyclonic tornado amongst others. ERA5 soundings are occasionally marked by an incongruent disconnect in the low-level thermodynamic profile. Your email address will not be published. Bob Henson is a meteorologist and writer at weather.com, where he co-produces the Category 6 news site at Weather Underground. Long-lived EF4 tornado, part of an outbreak of tornadoes across IN and OH. Long-tracked, EF3 wedge tornado, part of the largest tornado event in AZ on record. Soundings were not adjusted for observed surface variables or storm motions. Particularly photogenic low-precipitation supercell. Particularly photogenic surprise morning mothership supercell. Having said all of that, the reality is that false alarms are a challenge in weather messaging (or are they?) Meteorologists who had stressed the extreme nature of the threat on Monday found themselves with a whole different communication challenge on Tuesday: how to explain a catastrophe that almost but didnt quite happen. Evaluating the impact of false alarms on public responses to tornado alerts in the Southeastern United States was just published in the journal. Oklahoma record hailstone, measuring 6 inches. A quick recap of rainfall and flood reports over the past 24 hours, compared to the WPC Excessive Rainfall Outlook at 15Z yesterday (after High Risk was expanded). Assuming some kind of subsidence at that level keeping a lid on things? Oklahoma City, OKNorman, OKLawton, OKEdmond, OKMidwest City, OK Tulsa, OKWichita Falls, TXBroken Arrow, OKEnid, OKMuskogee, OK Lubbock, TXAbilene, TXFort Smith, ARFayetteville, ARSpringdale, AR Dallas, TXFort Worth, TXBoston, MAArlington, TXWichita, KS New York, NYPhiladelphia, PABaltimore, MDWashington, DCKansas City, MO Oklahoma City, OKTulsa, OKLubbock, TXAmarillo, TXAbilene, TX Oklahoma City, OKNorman, OKEdmond, OKMidwest City, OKMoore, OK Lawton, OKStillwater, OKShawnee, OKDuncan, OKAda, OK Dallas, TXFort Worth, TXArlington, TXPlano, TXGarland, TX Colorado Springs, COWichita, KSWorcester, MASpringfield, MASpringfield, MO Oklahoma City, OKTulsa, OKAbilene, TXNorman, OKWichita Falls, TX Lubbock, TXAmarillo, TXMidland, TXOdessa, TXSan Angelo, TX Fort Worth, TXBoston, MAWichita, KSProvidence, RIWorcester, MA New York, NYPhiladelphia, PADallas, TXBaltimore, MDWashington, DC Oklahoma City, OKTulsa, OKNorman, OKWichita Falls, TXLawton, OK Lubbock, TXAmarillo, TXAbilene, TXMidland, TXOdessa, TX Dallas, TXFort Worth, TXArlington, TXWichita, KSPlano, TX New York, NYPhiladelphia, PABaltimore, MDBoston, MAWashington, DC Probabilistic to Categorical Outlook Conversion Table, May 20, 2019 1630 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook. It had the feel. Often regarded as one of the greatest days of modern storm chasing. EF3 tornado, part of a surprise outbreak of 24 tornadoes (up to EF3) produced by mini-supercells across northern IN and OH that went largely unforecast. May 2019 tornado Jefferson City leaders document two years since EF3 tornado May 21, 2021 4:13 AM Meghan Drakas Jefferson City community leaders and organizations will be holding a. Map last updated June 3 in the evening. This is one possible realization of the May 20, 2019 tornado outbreak, had the run of the High Resolution Rapid Refresh model (HRRR), initialized at 00z on May 20, materialized. The last time a 45% tornado outlook was issued was during the Tornado Outbreak in Oklahoma and Kansas on 14 April 2012. EF3 tornado from a cyclic and high-precipitation supercell that produced 8 tornadoes across southeast NE during a Mothers Day tornado event. We were flabbergasted, as it was in theoretically the best environment for the genesis of violent tornadoes the planet had seen in many years. EF3 tornado, part of an outbreak of tornadoes across OK and AR. Winds were strongest a few minutes before it crossed N of Mangum. We knew all along that these storms wouldnt be the real show, so we didnt worry too much. EF3 tornado, part of the New Years Eve tornado outbreak. OR But it was more than enough to get both my father and I hooked for life. The cold upper low in the western U.S. thats been helping to trigger this weeks severe weatheras well as a few surprisingly intense late-May snows over parts of the West and Upper Midwestwill twirl in place while slowly weakening this week. The realities of false alarms. Search the case index below for cases by state, month, year, location, and other key info. Join our community Upon walking out, something became obvious: It was sticky, breezy and warm. Parts of Arkansas, Missouri, andOklahoma were under tornado warnings and flooding threats early Tuesday morning as I write this article. Marsh showed atmospheric profiles collected on Monday from Norman, OK, and in the catastrophic 2011 Super Outbreak from Birmingham, AL, and reflected on how similar they were. Photogenic cold-core EF2 tornadoes occurring close to each other both in location and time, from two separate supercells. Data are valid at the time nearest the climax of the event (e.g., when a tornado was reported, or when the most well-known photographs were taken). Now a quick scientific opinion: to me, every weather forecast should be formulated and communicated probabilistically using multiple models and model runs (re: ensemble models) in order to best understand the full spectrum of possible outcomes that a particular event might span. 1999 (145 tornadoes) was the previous record year in the Sooner State and included the destructive May 3, 1999 outbreak including the F5 Oklahoma City metro tornado. Photogenic EF1 tornado that damaged parts of town. Chaotic supercell that produced several weak tornadoes, some simultaneous, including a large wedge. Particularly photogenic and cyclic supercell that produced several tornadoes up to EF3. Prolific tornadic supercell producing 13 often-photogenic tornadoes (up to EF3), with three documented simultaneously, in a localized area. Two EF-4 tornadoes from separate supercells, killing 3 people. As the circulation approached our position, the road turned parallel to its track, allowing us a perfect view of the incredible tornado. At least when Im chasing (and often when Im not), I stay up the night before to see the new day one outlook, issued at 1 am central time. In the core high-risk area, SPC called for up to 45% odds that any of these significant events could occur within a 25-mile radius of any point: an EF2 tornado, hail of at least 2, or wind gusts to at least 74 mph. That meant we needed to go to The Big Texan in Amarillo, which seemed like a good place to post up for the evening. Even considering that event, May 20th, 2019 seemed like a different animal altogether. Photogenic and dusty EF2 tornado that hit an oil workers camp. Surprisingly, the researchers found that concerns about false alarms generating a complacent public may be somewhat exaggerated. Long-tracked EF3 tornado, part of an unusual tornado outbreak for the time of year. Please read This archive sparks the question, why did this happen? Similar environments make similar storms, but a storms environment isnt just skew-Ts and hodographs. It had the smell. Updrafts tended to be skinny. Several supercell thunderstorms developed . ERA5 has a bias toward cool surface temperatures and weak buoyancy. My parents, terrified, approached me to ask me what I thought of the video. A particularly photogenic mothership supercell. Particularly photogenic supercell that produced both a cyclonic and an anticyclonic tornado simultaneously. There was an electricity a nervousness that only comes with a truly high-end severe weather day. Snow totals of 3" to 7" were widespread from Denver to Boulder. Multi-vortex tornado, known for chasing storm chasers, that went on to become a long-lived EF3. In parts of . For that we should all be thankful even us storm chasers who want nothing more than to chase on a day with the feel. Photogenic tornado family (up to EF3), part of a tornado outbreak over the TX Panhandle produced largely by a few cyclic supercells. Aerial photos in the wake of the tornado showed moderate structural damage as well as a distinct ground scar indicative of a significant tornado. For the period from 7 am CDT Monday to 7 am Tuesday, the NOAA/NWS Storm Prediction Center (SPC) had logged at least 26 tornado reports by Tuesday afternoon, along with 80 reports of severe wind (4 of those higher-end significant reports), and 87 reports of severe hail (14 of those significant). Yet, the word forecast bust started creeping into the narrative of our insular meteorology community. May 20, 2019 Tornado Mangum, Oklahoma. A couple of several tornadoes (up to EF3) produced by photogenic and cyclic cold-core supercells, part of the largest December tornado outbreak in Illinois on record. EF3 wedge tornado, also known as Bennington III. This event also produced the most deadly and devastating tornado of the year for Oklahoma and the the United States. The corridor of activity closely matched the moderate- and high-risk areas outlooked by SPC the night before (see below). The forecast seemed spot on. As the circulation was set to pass about a mile in front of us, we stopped on a hill to get a view of a rapidly rotating wall cloud complete with a strong rear-flank downdraft wrapping around it. There was considerable haze and smoke in the air, some of it apparently related to smoke from wildfires in southern Mexico. EF3 tornado, largely regarded as a surprise event. What if we had had 5 of those yesterday in the warm sector? We need continued integration of technical and social science research as we have seen recently in the VORTEX-SE campaign. Well-defined debris signature w/ strong couplet representative of significant tornado. Part of the 2011 Super Outbreak. EF3 tornado that took a highly deviant left turn, part of a local outbreak of tornadoes across north Texas. Monday May 20, 2019 was a high risk day in Oklahoma. Thousands of people were out chasing that day, and yet it appeared that very few were in a similar position to ours. Particularly photogenic orange carrot tornado. They had only issued a watch like this once before, and it came on the day of the April 27th, 2011 super outbreak in Dixie Alley the largest tornado outbreak in history. Being from NJ, we knew nothing about severe weather much less had the ability to chase it ourselves. The timing of bust declarations. Particularly photogenic mothership supercell. NOAAs Storm Prediction Center(SPC)tweeted that morning: Parts of Arkansas, Missouri, andOklahoma were under tornado warnings and flooding threats early Tuesday morning as I write this article. After what seemed like an eternity, we started to see something emerge and come towards us a large, strong to violent multiple-vortex, white stovepipe tornado and it was close. Photogenic supercell that produced a few tornadoes. EF2 tornado, one of several produced by a slow-moving supercell. RAP may also feature unrealistic low-level moisture distributions, such as high surface dewpoints in otherwise dry boundary layers. when I was in second grade. I previously discussed pros and cons of long-lead time outbreak forecasts in Forbes. Immaculately-structured mothership supercell that evaded all but a few lone chasers. optimism bias (it wont be as bad as they say), the psychological evaluation of risks vs. cost, geography or lack of trust of the warnings themselves. Particularly photogenic tornado, part of a cold-core outbreak of tornadoes across south/central NE. EF2 tornado, one of multiple photogenic tornadoes from a cyclic supercell. 5 segundos ago 0 Comments 0 Comments Part of an outbreak of tornadoes across the central Plains. This is video from that storm near the town of Mangum, OK. Fortunately, it appeared at this point that the tornado had mostly missed town. With relative ease considering the number of chasers we expected to see, we made it back out onto the main road. This was Level 5 out of 5, the high-risk category for a widespread, major severe weather outbreak that included large and destructive hail, destructive winds, and tornadoes, some potentially long-track and violent.. 0305: 6 N BALD HILL : OKMULGEE : OK: 3583: 9584: EMERGENCY MANAGER REPORTED A TORNADO. My Forbes colleague Dennis Mersereaus tweet is spot on: Today, and I cannot stress this enough, is why you dont hype the weather. Trees groan under the weight of snowfall in Boulder, Colorado, on Tuesday morning, May 21, 2019. Part of a large-scale outbreak of tornadoes. They very much hoped I'd be scared straight to the point of wanting to cancel the trip. But the feared phalanx of violent tornadoes never materialized. Each case comes with documentation, a proximity sounding from unmodified RAP and ERA5 reanalysis, (see disclaimer), and storm-centered NEXRAD imagery. An outbreak occurred overnight on October 20, 2019. That is beyond our current abilities to forecast in any longer-term forecast. Nocturnal cyclic supercell that produced multiple large tornadoes, at times hidden by fog. Published on Numerous Severe Thunderstorm Warnings were issued, along with Tornado Warnings. Learn how your comment data is processed. 10:47 p.m.: I get it. Further complicating things, each time wed stop the RFD would blast us with strong wind and heavy rain. We sat in Childress for a couple more hours, waiting to see what the new SPC day one outlook set to come out at 1130 am would show us. I have ideas from deep professional/scientific experience. We recognize our responsibility to use data and technology for good. For me, there is no better tornado chasing than in an enhanced risk characterized by a 10% hatched tornado probability. Long-tracked EF4 tornado, part of a local outbreak of intense tornadoes in the ArkLaTex. Take control of your data. Particularly photogenic low-precipitation barberpole supercell. With at least 19 tornadoes, flooding on Interstate 40, and hail damage, how could this be a forecast bust? A Tweet by Michelle Lynn strongly resonated with me: For those calling it a bust, say that to my family who live in Mangum, OK. Luckily, they are ok, but that tornado was NOT A BUST. If you were following the majority of meteorological messages leading up to Monday, dire warnings about an epic tornado outbreak were being conveyed. Some of the storms were quite narrow, which made them more vulnerable to disruption from the very strong wind shear. Once youre using EXTREME and VIOLENT with regularity, where do you go from there when the red lights start flashing? In a number of late-day tweets and discussions, meteorologists and storm chasers developed a consensus that while the air mass was indeed highly unstable, the manner in which all that buoyant energy was distributed in the vertical ended up being problematic. The tornado was just one part of a three-day severe weather event. Sure enough, this decision and perhaps this decision alone proved the best one wed make all day. The first severe weather and tornado event for 2019 in Southeast Michigan occurred on Thursday, March 14. Although just slightly warmer than expected, this layerwhich moved into place just hours before the worst severe weather was expectedinhibited air parcels from rising to form thunderstorms, especially where there were no surface boundaries to force the issue. A tornado hit Jefferson City, Missouri's capital, late Wednesday night, and more extreme weather is in the forecast for today. A new study entitled Cry wolf effect? A highly visible tornado developed about 8 miles southwest of Mangum, then moved northeast through the northwestern and northern portions of Mangum before dissipating about 3, Want to leave a comment? Particularly photogenic flying saucer-like supercell. The tornado had already been on the ground for almost an hour, and was entering the final part of its 26 mile track. Long-tracked EF4 tornado that killed 16 people. For example, the wealth of computer model runs issued before the event can be compared with data from special efforts like the TORUS field campaign, to figure out what the models did and didnt capture ahead of time. Part of the 2011 Super Outbreak. The high risk was issued for a 30% probability of significant tornadoes. Long-tracked, EF4 tornado, part of an outbreak of tornadoes across the central Plains. Particularly photogenic surprise tornado. Monday's #HighRisk #severe forecast wasn't as dire as expected. Long-tracked EF5 wedge tornado that killed 9 people. (KWTV-KOTV/AP) Article On Monday, more than 20 tornadoes developed across four states in the southern Great Plains, producing pockets of considerable damage throughout Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas. The next morning I woke up and met up with my chase partners. Long-tracked, EF4 tornado that killed 11 people as part of a large-scale tornado outbreak across the Ohio Valley. It wasnt long before storms began developing to our southwest. The professionals are in a very tough position, having to carefully evaluate and balance two ends of a spectrum: miss a critical forecast for widespread, severe storms and many lives could be unnecessarily lost, vs. over-forecast an event and face criticism and potential loss of credibility for the next go-round. At this point, we assumed that the storm would recycle and produce another, larger tornado. Massive thunderstorm-triggered haboob that lasted over 2 hours and 100 miles. Ironically, caps can be key ingredients in explosive storm development too. Infamous long-tracked EF4 tornado that killed 6 people and destroyed an already decaying town. Photogenic UFO-like supercell that dealt a swath of wind-driven significant-severe hail. The first of several tornadoes from a particularly photogenic and cyclic mothership supercell, part of an unusual outbreak of tornadoes across WY into the NE panhandle. The HRRR and NAM showed an extraordinary day with many, May 6, 2019 - Severe Storms in central KS including tornadic supercell at night north of Greensburg. His point is that overuse of certain words can desensitize the public to events like yesterday. may 20, 2019 tornado bust. There was an intervening, stable layer about two miles above the ground, which partly suppressed updrafts in developing thunderstorms and not enough focused, low-level uplift of air to help push nascent updrafts into the deeper layers. As of Tuesday afternoon, 345 river gauges across the contiguous U.S. were in flood stage, with several at record to near-record levels across northern Oklahoma and southern Kansas. Long-lived EF3 tornado, the strongest recorded in southeast MT. . Alas, we couldnt see a thing through a haze so dense that visibility was seemingly reduced to a hundred yards. pic.twitter.com/WTUt7nqhjz. Around the same time, the storm inexplicably began to shrivel up. Only a few days after the infamous and frustrating "high risk bust" in Oklahoma on May 19th (which remains the worst chase day I've had), we found ourselves in the Texas Panhandle under a Moderate risk - having driven all the way from Missouri the . The proclamation quickly became a lead story among the major news outlets. Massive and particularly photogenic mothership supercell. Often regarded as the gold standard for dust storms for the Phoenix area. Severe weather outlook for May 20th 2019 as issued, Meteorologists in the NWS Norman office. The era of 24/7 news cycles, extreme chaser videos and social media are partly responsible. These challenges highlight why the emergence of social science research on communication, psychology, sociology, and geography is so important. Robust supercells, such as the one shown below, began developing across the Texas panhandle. Particularly photogenic low-precipitation barberpole supercell that later produced an EF3 wedge tornado that took a highly deviant northwest motion. Thats why a single HRRR forecast, especially one in which a forecast is largely composed of something such as simulated radar (which is not a good way to forecast anyway), should be taken with several grains of salt. Just the fourth time in history a 45% probability had been issued and the wording in the discussion was terrifying. They (generally) dont just pop up out of nowhere, and with the rise of social media consequent with the popularization of storm chasing as a quasi-mainstream hobby, no big day goes unnoticed in the days leading up. Certain artifacts are inevitable. Particularly photogenic EF3 tornado that killed two teens driving. Even so, the storm remained discrete and we just couldnt leave it in favor of other storms when it was in that environment. As of June 3, 295 twisters have been confirmed* per the hard-working crew over at Wikipedia. Probability of a tornado within 25 miles of a point. Possible explanation here in the 21z and 00z weather balloon launch from Norman and you can see substantial warming around 675 hpa. Simultaneously, heavy rains from severe thunderstorms flooded roads and houses and triggered water rescues. An enhanced risk was in place Tuesday afternoon for eastern Missouri and northeast Arkansas on Tuesday afternoon, with a slight risk bending back toward eastern Kansas. Infamous EF5 tornado that killed 24 people. Even our storm seemed to be attached at the hip to another storm on its northeastern flank never a good sign. As the storm continued tracking to the northeast, we had a choice to make in order to keep up with it: we could either go north then east or take a little more time and go east then north. This is only the second watch in SPC history where every category of watch probabilities (torn, wind, hail) are at greater than 95%. That first trip was in 2006 and was unforgettable even in a very forgettable year for storms. Infamous first EF5 tornado that killed 11 people and destroyed 95% of the town. After dinner, I did some in depth model analysis and some of what I saw was eye-popping; extreme instability coupled with incredible shear created a parameter space on par with or perhaps exceeding any of the biggest outbreaks in recorded history. Part of an outbreak of tornadoes across the central Plains. I was excited. The list was procured by how impactful the storms were to civilization, how abnormal they were for the area, or how memorable they were to storm chasers. The only storm to produce was the storm in Southwest Oklahoma. Nearly 2.5-hour duration EF3 tornado from high-precipitation supercell, the longest-tracked tornado recorded in Wisconsin. A tornado outbreak occurred during the afternoon and evening hours of the May 20, 2013, and was the last day of a three-day stretch of significant severe weather from May 18-20, 2013. Its official EF3 rating is widely held as highly controversial. Theres a constant breeze. Particularly photogenic mothership supercell that produced a couple of tornadoes. This story does not necessarily represent the position of our parent company, IBM. These heavy rains certainly materialized, albeit focused a bit further north than expected. Tornado outbreaks just feel different than other chase days. Particularly photogenic haboob that traveled around 200 miles across the Sonoran Desert. Upon making it to Childress, we noticed something odd; the tornadic mid-morning storms hadnt developed. A brief tornado had apparently already occurred while we were still west of Childress . The event highly resembled, at least in HRRR model space, high-impact Dixie Alley events where strong to violent tornadoes are more common than anywhere else in the world. One of the longest-lived tornadoes on record, lasting 2.5 to 3 hours, rated EF2 (though likely stronger), a wedge tornado from a high-precipitation supercell. Particularly photogenic tornado from LP supercell. Particularly photogenic supercell, especially for the northern California region. May 20: 2019: Oklahoma, Texas: 39 EF3. It was in an incredible environment after all. What emerged was a bona fide severe weather outbreak, but less fierce and extensive than the one many computer models and official outlooks had indicated was a strong possibility. Dense low clouds prevailed across most of the high risk area, which cut down on surface heating that might have helped more storms overcome the weak cap. Particularly photogenic tornado, the first of multiple (up to EF3) from a cyclic supercell. Much of the Texas Panhandle and nearly all of Oklahoma dodged a serious bullet. May 22, 2008: Windsor, Colorado EF3 wedge tornado, particularly long-tracked, wide, and at an early time of day for the area. Widest and strongest recorded tornado on Earth, at 2.6 miles wide and 302 mph winds measured by mobile radar, that exhibited particularly erratic motion and killed 8 people, including storm chasers and 3 members of the TWISTEX research team. I call this worst-case scenario bias. By the way, a few weeks ago my family had to rush to the basement because of a Doppler radar-indicated tornado. RAP soundings will often display saturation aloft that masks otherwise drier profiles near convection. May 20, 2019 < May 19, 2019 May 21, 2019 > SVR Reports; Preliminary Reports: Obs and Mesoanalysis; Obs and Mesoanalysis: Upper-Air Analyses; 925 mb: 12z 00z: . First and foremost, Im so, so proud of how we navigated around the storm. We weren't that far off.. At the time of this writing, we are planning to head out next week to chase with fellow H&H chasers Travis and John. EF3 wedge tornado, particularly long-tracked, wide, and at an early time of day for the area. As the mid-level jet ejects northeastward across the southern High Plains this afternoon and evening, a tornado outbreak is likely across the southern Plains. Rough calculations using 2 scan (~200 m above ground level) suggest a max rotational velocity of 50-60 m/s. When was the last time Dallas, Texas had a tornado? After a few minutes, a strong burst of cold air hit us outflow from the new western storm. Many meteorologists saw this as a rare combination of extremes, by late May standards, that would trigger a swarm of rotating thunderstorms or supercells, unfolding in several rounds from early afternoon through late evening.
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